Beach Pneumatic Transit
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Sketch of the train car and tunnel.
The Beach Pneumatic Transit was the first attempt to build an underground public transit system in New York City, USA.
Contents
1 History
2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
The plan of the Beach Pneumatic Transit station and tunnel.
In 1869, Alfred Ely Beach and his Beach Pneumatic Transit Company of New York began constructing a pneumatic subway line beneath Broadway. (Beach had earlier demonstrated the basic system at the American Institute Exhibition in 1867.) Funneled through a company he set up, Beach put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project.[1] Built in only 58 days,[2] its single tunnel, 312 feet (95 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter, was completed in 1870 and ran under Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street.[3]
With no initial political support for his project, he started the project claiming he was building postal tubes. The initial permit was to install a pair of smaller postal tubes below Broadway but was later amended to allow the excavation of a single large tunnel wherein the smaller tubes could reside.[4] The exact location of the tubes was determined during construction by compass and survey as well as verified by driving jointed rods of iron up through the roof of the tunnel to the pavement.[5] The line was built as a demonstration of a pneumatic transit system, open to the public with fares donated to charity. Proceeds of the 25 cent admission went to the Union Home and School for Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans.[6]
It remained little more than a curiosity, running only a single car on its one-block-long track to a dead-end at its terminus. (Passengers would simply ride out and back, to see what the proposed subway might be like.) During its first two weeks of operation, the Beach Pneumatic Transit sold over 11,000 rides with 400,000 rides provided during its first year of operation.[7][8]
It was designed as a very ornate project. The station was adorned with frescoes and easy chairs. Zircon lamps revealed the luxurious interior of the station.[9] There were statues and a gold fish pond in the station that people could look at while they waited for their turn to enter the ride. The car could hold 22 people[10] and the riders would enter the site at Devlin's Clothing Store, a well known shop, located at 260 Broadway, on the southwest corner of Warren Street.[11]
The ride was controlled by a 48 short tons (44 t) fan, nicknamed "the Western Tornado", built by "Roots Patent Force Rotary Blowers". When the car reached the end, the baffles on the fan were reversed and the car was pulled back by the suction.[12] Although the public showed initial approval, Beach was delayed in getting permission to expand it due to official obstruction for various reasons (see Alfred Beach article). By the time he finally gained permission in 1873, public and financial support had waned, and the subway was closed down. The final blow to the project was a stock market crash which caused investors to withdraw support. It is unclear that such a system could have been practical for a large-scale subway network.[13]
After the project was shut down, the tunnel entrance was sealed and the station, built in part of the basement of the Rogers Peet Building, was reclaimed for other uses. The entire building was lost to fire in 1898.[14] In 1912, workers excavating for the present-day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel, where they found the remains of the car and the tunnelling shield used during initial construction. The shield was removed and donated to Cornell University, which has since lost track of its whereabouts. No part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway. The New York Historical Society commissioned a plaque honoring Alfred E Beach to be placed in the City Hall station.[15][16]
A very similar but longer pneumatic system operated in 1864 on the grounds of The Crystal Palace in London.[17]
