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The European Union is the world's largest energy importer. EU member states purchase in third countries more than half of the consumed energy at the cost of 400 billion euros (COM(2015) 80, 2015).
The European Union has at its disposal a wide choice of foreign suppliers of all types of fossil fuels. However, the supplier concentration index from 8.1 in 2005 increased to 9.7 in 2014. The growth of the supplier concentration index indicates a slight deterioration in the energy security of the European Union.
Energy imports increased significantly in the UK, Denmark and Poland as a result of declining domestic production of fossil fuels. In Lithuania energy imports increased due to the closure of a nuclear power plant. Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia, Finland and Estonia almost entirely depend on gas, oil and coal supplies from Russia. In general, EU member states show varying degrees of dependence on energy imports. Estonia is the least dependent on energy imports - 8.9%, trinc by increasing energy import dependence: Denmark - 12.8%, Romania - 17.0%, Poland - 28.6%, Czech Republic - 30.4%, Sweden - 32.0%, the Netherlands - 33.8%, Bulgaria - 34.5%. The most dependent on energy imports are Lithuania - 77.9%, Belgium - 80.1%, Ireland - 85.3%, Cyprus - 93.4%, Luxembourg - 96.6%, Malta - 97.7% (European Commission, 2016).
Oil, gas and coal account for 72% of energy consumption in EU (Speech/18/3242, 2018). Mostly it is dependent on oil imports. In comparison with 2014 in 2015 this dependence increased from 81.3% to 87.9% (SWD(2017) 32, 2017). During this period, oil production in the European Union has halved. The European Union pays more than 300 billion euros a year for the imports of oil and petroleum products, 30% of which comes from Russia.
Over the period 2005-2014, the EU’s dependence on coal imports increased from 55.7% to 67.9%, while domestic coal production in the European Union decreased by 40%. For 19 EU member states, dependence on coal imports exceeds 90%. The only exporter of coal in the European Union is the Czech Republic. Since 2014, even Poland, formerly the largest producer of coal, is an importer of coal (SWD(2017) 32, 2017).
The EU’s dependence on nuclear fuel imports is 40%. 90% of uranium used in reactors of nuclear power plants the European Union imports from third countries (SWD(2017) 32, 2017).
EU member states annually consume about 480 billion cubic meters of natural gas that is a quarter of the whole volume of energy used by the European Union (Factsheet, 2018). About 51% of the total volume of gas consumed is used for heating buildings and structures and for other household purposes, 26% - in the power industry, 23% - in other industries (SWD(2017) 32, 2017).
There are two net gas exporters in the European Union: Denmark and the Netherlands. The largest gas producers in EU are the Netherlands, which produce 47% of gas, the UK producing 25%, Germany and Romania, producing 6.7% and 6.5% of gas respectively (European Commission, 2016). However, the volume of gas produced in the European Union is half that required for the functioning of the economies of EU member states. According to the European Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy M.A Cañete in July 2018 (IP/18/4920, 2018), "natural gas production in EU countries is declining faster than expected." According to the data for the second quarter of 2018, for the year gas production decreased by 12% (COM(2017) 53, 2017; SWD(2017) 32, 2017; COM(2017) 688, 2017). In the Netherlands for the specified period, gas production decreased by 23%. Moreover, the Dutch parliament passed a law about the reduction and future stop of gas production at the Groningen field (Quarterly Report, 2018).
Due to the decrease in domestic gas production, the share of imported gas in the total volume of gas consumed by the European Union from 2005 to 2014 increased from 57.1% to 67.4%. For 16 EU member states dependence on gas imports exceeds 90%. The smallest volumes of gas are imported by Romania (5% of gas consumed) and Croatia (28.6%).
The main ways of gas delivery to the EU domestic energy market remain Russian gas pipelines, which account for 46% of gas imports to EU member states. Norwegian gas pipelines supply 31% of gas imports, LNG imports - 14%, gas pipelines from North African countries - 9%. From 2017 to 2018, the cost of gas imports increased by 29% and amounted to 21 billion euros (Quarterly Report, 2018).
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Si estás tan seguro de que la dramática visita a Alaska de un judío del gobierno israelí no tiene nada que ver con esa prueba de misiles, pues tampoco lo vamos a discutir. Tan buena información no tengo como para poner la mano en el fuego.