El hilo de la vitamina D.

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Adjuntos

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Esta parte del articulo es simplemente brutal (a mi parecer).


Serine-related metabolic pathways and senescence

Serine can directly affect lifespan through metabolic regulation. As mentioned above, NADPH is an important metabolite of serine and participates in the senescence process. There is a negative relationship between NADPH and senescence. NADPH levels decrease with aging in several tissues, and the overexpression of NADPG-synthesizing enzymes gives rise to longer lifespans in some biological models [42].

In addition, serine can be converted into glycine by the catalysis of SHMT1/2 and then generate glutathione (GSH) [43]. GSH is synthesized from cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine. It is a vital antioxidant factor that helps maintain normal immune system function. GSH depletion has many deleterious effects, including impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to oxidants [78]. A decrease in GSH levels has been shown to be associated with aging and some pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases [79]. Therefore, serine metabolism can maintain intracellular NADPH and GSH levels, and both hinder the cell senescence process.

Moreover, SAM synthesis from serine can extend lifespan via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Stimulating SAM synthesis activates the universal energy-sensing regulator Snf1, the S. cerevisiae ortholog of AMPK, resulting in lifespan extension [80]. SAM synthesis consumes both methionine and ATP. Methionine restriction extends lifespan and improves progeria in mice [81, 82], and metformin, the AMPK activator, retards aging in C. elegans by inducing methionine restriction [83]. Therefore, serine supplementation may promote SAM synthesis to prevent senescence.

In addition, autophagy is a catabolic process through which macromolecules are degraded and recycled in the cell. Autophagy has been found to be increased in many long-lived model organisms and to contribute significantly to their longevity [84]. In contrast, the deletion of genes involved in autophagy shortens lifespan [85]. Serine supplementation increases the phosphorylation and S-glutathionylation of AMPKα [86], which further activates autophagy. Meanwhile, SAM can be converted into S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), which further provides an aminopropyl group to synthesize spermidine [87]. Spermidine, a kind of natural polyamine, markedly extends the lifespan of yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells [88-91]. Mechanistically, spermidine, a caloric restriction mimetic, induces protein deacetylation and depends on functional autophagy to increase the autophagic turnover of cytoplasmic organelles or long-lived proteins [92], which contributes to extending cell life.
 
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