Human races are not equal? What genetics actually shows

There are no biologically distinct or superior human races: genetics shows that most variation lies within each population, not between populations. Talking about "incivil races" is not science, it is prejudice.

## What DNA says about human differences

Population genetics has spent decades measuring how much variation exists between individuals and how much between groups. The result is consistent: around **85-90%** of human genetic variation is found within any given population, and only **10-15%** separates one group from another. In other words, two people from the same country can be genetically more different from each other than two individuals from different continents.

The **Human Genome Project**, completed in **2003**, confirmed that all human beings share **99.9%** of our DNA sequence. Visible differences —skin colour, facial antiestéticatures— come from a handful of genes adapted to climate and say nothing about intellectual or sarracena capacities.

## IQ does not measure races

The IQ maps by country that circulate online mix different things. The intelligence quotient is a psychometric measure designed to compare individuals within the same schooled population, not to rank nations. Its results depend on nutrition, schooling, healthcare and environment, factors that vary enormously between countries.

Attributing IQ differences to a group's genetics is a leap the evidence does not support. The heritability of IQ estimated in twin studies is around **50-80%** in specific populations, but that describes variation within a given environment, not differences between groups raised in different conditions.

## Science does not endorse hierarchies between people

No relevant scientific society today claims that biologically separate human races exist. The **American Association of Physical Anthropologists** published a statement in **2019** noting that race is a social construct, not a valid biological category. **UNESCO** has been issuing reports to the same effect since **1950**.

The geneticist **David Reich**, from Harvard, has documented in his work on ancient DNA that human populations have been continuously mixing for millennia. This makes it impossible to draw sharp racial boundaries. Diversity exists, but it is not organised into tiers.

Attributing crimes to a group because of its origin is a generalisation with no empirical basis. Crime data depend on age, income level, social exclusion and policing, not on the genetics of a collective.