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| Me gustaría que la discusión fuera alrededor de lo que dice el artículo y no se convirtiera en la discusión de siempre, para eso ya hay otros hilos. Of Marx and Mises | The Free Press Of Marx and Mises By Andrea Castillo - Posted on 09 April 2010 As a lover of liberty with an insatiable appetite for time-tested wisdom, I feel that a frank discussion on the writings and insights of Karl Marx is well overdue within the libertarian community. Now, I would normally not expect to find nuggets of libertarian wisdom nestled amidst the pages of Marx's hallowed tomes, but upon revisiting his contentions I have found that Marx was uncannily adept at roughly identifying the universal source of societal unrest; state- or monopoly-backed violations of private property rights. Marx, who is as proportionally either revered or reviled as is economic liberty itself, synthesized various tenets of his inquiries into the nature of historical struggles, philosophical insights, and economic injustices into an interconnected sociological alternative to what he saw to be the inequitable, intolerable and exploitative basis of capitalism. His magnum opus, the Communist Manifesto, identified the further entrenchment of artificial class boundaries as the necessary and distinctive feature of capitalism that was the critical factor in securing the “epoch of the bourgeoisie [owners of the means of production]”. He writes, “Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: bourgeoisie [capitalists] and proletariat [wage laborers].” Marx’s definition of “capitalist” could be more accurately conveyed by the modern definition of the term “corporatist”. Indeed, the word "capitalist" itself was coined by Marx and Engels to criticize the vestiges of the neo-feudal society that was largely dominant in 19th century Europe during their lifetimes. I believe that some of Marx’s insights on the injustices of generational monopolies of land and capital that were rewarded to the privileged classes are surprisingly astute; many of the “capitalists” of Marx’s time and our time may very well be the direct beneficiaries of vast expanses of land that were taken forcibly from its owners. The treatment of the Native American tribes that originally owned the land that now belongs to unrelated private interests is an obvious historical example of state-backed violations of property rights. Now, it might seem foolish or exaggerated to attribute Marx with defending and maintaining the primacy of natural law and ownership, but it is important to consider the implications of Marx's writings when applied only to state-owned (socialist) or state-supported (fascist) property titles. Marx’s entire philosophy is predicated upon his opposition to the unnecessary existence of class struggle, not his objections to private ownership itself. If he believed that the ownership of property was inherently evil, he would not have advanced an internationally-acclaimed political manifesto geared towards making the prospect of ownership more accessible to a previously exploited class. While Marx never got around to actually penning down his master treatise on class distinction, the bedrock of his philosophy, (his chapter entitled “The Classes” in Das Kapital contains a mere paragraph introducing the concept followed by a note from Engels, “here the manu****** ends”) he did provide various phrases to aid us in understanding his perception of and opposition to capital. Marx commonly compared the exploitation of the wage laborer by the capitalist to the exploitation of the serf by the feudal lord and the exploitation of the slave by the master. Another prominent revolutionary thinker succinctly observed this phenomenon that Marx identifies: “Nowhere and at no time has the large scale ownership of land come into being through the working of economic forces in the market. It is the result of military and political effort. Founded by violence, it has been upheld by violence and by that alone…[t]he great landed fortunes did not arise through the economic superiority of large scale ownership, but through violent annexation outside the area of trade.” Although one might be tempted to attribute this passage to a philosopher out of Bakunin or Proudhon’s mold, it was actually the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises who penned those words. In Das Kapital, Marx explicitly states that examination of class structure is not predicated upon either polylogism or the “the identity of revenues or sources of revenues” but is rather focused on the component elements of the individuals within the social groups; whether they live on wages, profit and ground-rent (privileged exploitation) or by the utilization of their labor-power, their capital, and their private land (creation of value). Libertarians today can easily adapt Marx's criticism of class struggle to our modern equivalent of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat: those who have political influence versus those who have none. Regrettably, any potential progress that Marx could have advanced with his understanding of the evils of force and extortion were irreparably bastardized by his adherence to the absurd labor theory of value. Many of Marx’s observations concerning violence, inequality, and exploitation that are cited by the modern opposition to free market capitalism are echoed in the works of the very free market capitalists that those factions are trying to resist. F.A. Hayek was frightened enough by the notion of perpetual serfdom to write an entire book detailing how to avoid it. Murray Rothbard would be no more of a fan of the Halliburtons and Enrons of today than he would be of the North Koreas and Venezuelas. Even the bogeyman of the Left, Milton Friedman, tirelessly justified the pursuit of economic freedom on behalf of the poorest among us who could benefit the most. Regrettably, any central commonalities that champions of social justice, like Marx, Proudhon and Bakunin, might have had with the champions of economic justice, like Mises, Hayek, and Rothbard are now purely the subject of lethargic scholarly debate. The laypeople that build their understanding of the world upon the timeless wisdom of either of those schools of thought rarely recognize or care to rectify the sources of disagreement between them. Instead, modern antagonists of capitalism apply Marx and the Left’s criticisms of state or class capitalism to any discussion of current free market capitalism, whether in practice or in theory. I will be the first to argue that the U.S. is hardly the champion of free market self-sufficiency that the modern political Right would lead you to believe, but I will fiercely object to the condemnation of legitimate wealth as a source of evil. The Left lacks the ability to distinguish between the virtues and fruits of true free market capitalism and largesse that is accumulated by theft. In their eyes, any concentration of capital is a reflection of an individual’s deplorable greed and is in fact an act of aggression by deprivation. I have seen some self-styled syndicalists go so far as to equate direct force or coercion with the reward/deprivation mechanism that is voluntary trade in an unknowing homage to B.F. Skinner. In their pursuit of a higher egalitarianism, individuals on the Left blindly utilize means that are antithetical to their projected end. A critic of free market capitalism may condemn the crude materialism and hedonistic pleasures that consumer capitalism encourages and provides in the same breath that they criticize it for the disproportionate allocation of those evil material goods and comforts among various income groups. It’s as if the opponents of Mises-style capitalism demanded that they be allowed to have their cake and eat it too while berating the baker who provided it for the lack of nutritional content in the dessert. Leftists in this vein typically fail to realize that Marx was not anti-prosperity so much as he was anti-monopoly, in this case the monopoly of historical privilege granted to the descendants of the old aristocracy. However, the supposed flaws of the mere concept of free market capitalism are, in fact, the very virtues that social revolutionaries like Marx and Proudhon championed, albeit in a collectivized manner. Thus, in a way, the meaning that the term “capitalism” has come to convey has, in a profoundly psychological sense, prompted certain people to believe that self-interest is an undesirable and perhaps even wicked moral compass. Though free market capitalism encourages and allows individuals to rationally make decisions in an effort to marginally gain utility and improve one’s current state, the Left’s distorted understanding of “capitalism” has brought them to the conclusion that self-interest is a vehicle for corporatism instead of markets and falsely attributes the injustices of state capitalism to individualism and economic prosperity. I strongly believe that the disciples of Marx and the disciples of Mises might find more than a few areas of agreement if they were to discuss the issue with mutually-understood terms. I also speculate that those now-competing factions might realize that they are both wasting time and energy by fighting against each other because in reality they are both in pursuit of the same enemy. Of course, no two Marxists and no two Miseseans will ever be exactly alike, so I am not suggesting that a winning political coalition will result from this unlikely arrangement. However, I believe that the libertarian movement will only be strengthened by revisiting and reflecting upon the surprisingly perceptive views of the Father of Modern Communism. |
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| un pequeño resumen sería demasiado pedir? y traducido |
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| La chavala que lo ha escrito se llama Andrea Castillo así que si se lo pides, igual. |
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applied only to state-owned (socialist) or state-supported (fascist) property titles. De buenas a primeras, no estoy seguro que es lo que quiere decir aquí. No es que sea muy importante, pero con "state-supported" (fascist), se refiere al fascismo tipo Mussolini? La palabra fascista ha derivado tanto que ya no sé a lo que se quiere referir la gente. Leftists in this vein typically fail to realize that Marx was not anti-prosperity En fin, creo que "capitalists in this vein typically..." . Siempre me ha asombrado que gente (sobre todo de derechas) se escandalizara si una persona de izquierdas tenía dinero. Marx nunca ha predicado "hay que ser pobre". Eso ha sido el cristianismo, y lo recuerdan bien poco los de derechas. Uyuyuy... perdona, Hugolp, me temo que esto va a derivar a la discusión de siempre. Regrettably, any central commonalities that champions of social justice, like Marx, Proudhon and Bakunin, might have had with the champions of economic justice, like Mises, Hayek, and Rothbard are now purely the subject of lethargic scholarly debate . Desdichadamente muy cierto. De todas formas, el artículo dice un poco "porque no podemos ser amigos?" y poco mas. Though free market capitalism encourages and allows individuals to rationally make decisions in an effort to marginally gain utility and improve one’s current state, the Left’s distorted understanding of “capitalism” has brought them to the conclusion that self-interest is a vehicle for corporatism instead of markets and falsely attributes the injustices of state capitalism to individualism and economic prosperity. No se explica bien. O no lo entiendo yo bien. Como que "markets"? . La ley del mercado? En mi opinión la ley del mercado del mundo real es muy diferente de la ley del mercado de los libros. Y en el mundo real es cuando aparece el "self interest" en vez de "markets". A ver como hacemos para que esto no dervie en uns "scholarly debate".
__________________ My thoughts drift back to erect nipple wet dreams about Mary Jane Rottencrotch and the Great Homecoming Fuck Fantasy. I am so happy that I am alive, in one piece and short. I'm in a world of shit... yes. But I am alive. And I am not afraid. Private Joker |
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Desdichadamente muy cierto. Cuando se habla de "self-interest" se habla tanto de ayudar a una persona necesitada como de intentar conseguir un precio más alto o un sueldo más alto. Es lo que tiene el interés personal, que es personal. Y me da la impresión de que lo que te pasa a ti es que cuando oyes la palabra mercado o libre mercado piensas en Wall Street. Wall Street es una creación de las regulaciones del gobierno, no del libre mercado. Tienes la visión sobre lo que es un libre mercado marcada por los resultados de merrcados totalmente regulados. |
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Cuando se habla de "self-interest" se habla tanto de ayudar a una persona necesitada como de intentar conseguir un precio más alto o un sueldo más alto. Es lo que tiene el interés personal, que es personal. No, sé perfectamente lo que es el libre mercado. Lo que pasa es que creo que el libre mercado es como "la real" en el Mus. No existe. Los (permiteme usar el nombre) "capitalistas" llaman libre mercado a un mercado que les favorece a ellos, pero no es ni mucho menos libre.
__________________ My thoughts drift back to erect nipple wet dreams about Mary Jane Rottencrotch and the Great Homecoming Fuck Fantasy. I am so happy that I am alive, in one piece and short. I'm in a world of shit... yes. But I am alive. And I am not afraid. Private Joker |
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| Gracias hugolp, a ver si tengo un rato y me lo miro. Esta bien eso de ver el debate pero "sin caer en la discusión de siempre" (pero luego tú no hagas lo mismo!). En cuanto al libre mercado estoy de acuerdo con SolNaciente en que es una quimera que en demasiadas ocasiones se esgrime como justifiación de muchas actuaciones que en el fondo son anti-mercado. Lo dicho, le echo un ojo al texto...
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| Bueno, ya me lo he leido, la parte positiva es la que dice que tanto Marx como Mises estan en contra de la monopolización y a favor de la prosperidad. Parece obvio que esto es lo que trataría cualquier economista honesto, pero un poco "brindis al sol". Luego saca de contexto una frase de Mises con la que creo que todo el mundo puede estar de acuerdo y eleva a Ludwig von Mises a la categoría de "prominent revolutionary" al nivel de Marx... (en fin) “Nowhere and at no time has the large scale ownership of land come into being through the working of economic forces in the market. It is the result of military and political effort. Founded by violence, it has been upheld by violence and by that alone…[t]he great landed fortunes did not arise through the economic superiority of large scale ownership, but through violent annexation outside the area of trade.” No se si es por este artículo por lo que te has puesto la foto de ese melenudo perroflauta en tu avatar. El artículo intenta hacer una revisión -despreciándolo- del concepto fundamental de Marx que es la teoría del plusvalor que es lo que más repugna y escuece a los pro-capitalistas. (de dónde salen las plusvalías, los beneficios de los capitalistas, que no tienen ninguna chistera mágica con la que "crean riqueza" ni dones extraordinarios de los que carecemos el resto de los mortales, como muchos pretenden).Creo que también está equivocado cuando dice que la obra cumbre de Marx es "El Manifiesto Comunista", que por cierto, es un librito bastante breve, en vez de "Das Kapital-Kritik der politichen oekonomie". Aqui se le ve el plumero 100% a la escritora y lo que pretende: Hacer una revisión de Marx, más o menos viniendo a decir que todo lo que decía Marx también lo dicen los "capitalistas libertarios" pero desterrando por completo la "erronea" (of course...) y bastarda teoría del plusvalor (que los capitalistas no pueden soportar): Regrettably, any potential progress that Marx could have advanced with his understanding of the evils of force and extortion were irreparably bastardized by his adherence to the absurd labor theory of value. Many of Marx’s observations concerning violence, inequality, and exploitation that are cited by the modern opposition to free market capitalism are echoed in the works of the very free market capitalists that those factions are trying to resist. A ver, es que cualquier persona puede llegar a la conclusión de que la extorsión y la violencia (venga del estado o de una corporación) es algo negativo, sea ultraliberal, marxista o anarquista, pero lo fundamental (que la autora trata de despreciar) es descubrir el truco de magia de la "creación de riqueza" (y de pobreza, pero eso no permiten que se vea, eso es parte del truco oculto), y como sabemos, a todos los magos les revienta que les descubran los trucos... Teoría del valor-trabajo - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre La teoría del valor-trabajo en la economía política clásica http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_t...s_contribution Exploitation Creo que las nociones de plusvalor, alienación y explotación son fundamentales para entender cómo funciona el capitalismo a nivel profundo. Puede que otros filósofos o economístas describan de forma más idonea los "mercados" o los intercambios financieros, pero tratar de erradicar los tres conceptos anteriores es muchas veces interesado y siempre mistificador. Por supuesto, los beneficiarios de las plusvalías juran y perjuran que el plusvalor proviene del riesgo que ellos asumen y nunca de la explotación y la alienación del trabajo ajeno. Saludos.
__________________ Última edición por NosTrasladamus; 10-abr-2010 a las 12:37 |
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| El artículo está bien, de entrada se sale de tópicos, de facto tiene alguna idea que me ha sorprendido, como la idea de que el no podía estar en contra de la propiedad privada en tanto que El Manifiesto Comunista está dedicado a explicarles la propiedad privada a los trabajadores. Pero tiene un defecto insalvable, y es que no usa la dialéctica. Antes de meterte en Marx tienes que aprender a pensar de forma dialéctica, luego te metes en Marx si quieres, pero antes no. Sin dialéctica no entenderás a Marx. Concepción social de Marx: La sociedad es el producto de la lucha de clases. Pero no es un conflicto en el sentido hollywoodense del término sino en el sentido dialéctico. Por ejemplo la relación dialéctica entre empresarios y obreros, el obrero requiere del empresario para prosperar, de la misma manera que el empresario requiere del obrero. Definamos relaciones dialécticas: -Estado-capital. -Empresariado-proletariado. -Capital industrial-Capital financiero. -Capital-trabajo. Evidentemente hay mas pero ahora no se me ocurren otras. La sociedad por lo tanto es una estructura dialéctica. Teoría del valor de Marx: Para comprender la teoría del valor de Marx hace falta tener una fábrica. La teoría del valor de Marx no es en absoluto absurda. El concepto de plusvalía: La teoría de Marx analiza la plusvalía, un concepto que ya existía de antes, y la describe como inexistente. Osea que Marx viene a decir que la plusvalía no existe. Aunque esto por supuesto lo hace desde una perspectiva dialéctica. Última edición por dunkeleith 2; 10-abr-2010 a las 12:55 |
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| Consecuencias del pensamiento dialéctico: -Los contrarios son la misma cosa. Esto no es igual que decir que los extremos se tocan, solo que los contrarios son la misma cosa. -Cada afirmación afirma su contraria. Esto quiere decir que la afirmación que supone la existencia de un empresario implica la afirmación de que existe un proletariado y que este actúa como fuerza antagonista del primero. ¿Como se come esto? El empresario no es diferente del obrero en tanto que personas, pero en su diferencia se marca su antagonismo. La diferencia se marca en el vector del empresario que intenta explotar al obrero. El obrero reacciona con un vector contrario a esa explotación que se manifiesta como un sentimiento de alienación o malestar. Etc etc... Todo esto sin dialéctica se hace lentísimo de razonar, con dialéctica se razona en un plis plas. Es como comparar aun bici de un pedal y una de dos pedales. Con una bici de dos pedales llegas mucho antes a los sitios aunque al principio parezca mas complicada de manejar. Por ejemplo los liberales caéis en el ridículo cuando atacáis al estado, pues es el estado el que garantiza la "libertad", de la misma manera que los sindicalistas caen en el ridículo al buscar enfrentamientos con el empresariado. |
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